Emergency first-aid for dogs

Would you know what to do if your dog was in an accident? Would you be able to offer emergency first-aid for dogs that are injured or distressed? Although you can’t predict an emergency, you can prepare for one. Knowing what to do if disaster strikes is key to getting your dog the treatment they need in a timely fashion.

In fact, assessing the situation and recognizing whether you can do anything to help before getting your dog to your vet could potentially save your dog’s life.

While first-aid is not a substitute for proper veterinarian care, some basic first-aid skills are invaluable when facing a real-life emergency.

Be Prepared to give Emergency First Aid for Dogs

Accidents can happen anywhere. While it’s common to have necessary medical supplies at home, this isn’t always true when we travel.

It’s useful to think about what you need if you get into a situation while outside the home. Would you know who to call if you were out of town and your dog swallowed something they shouldn’t, for example?

It’s a good idea to have the following handy wherever you are;

• Your vet’s name, address, and telephone number
• A local vets name, address, and telephone number if traveling or out of town
• A pen and paper (or ability to take notes)
• A phone
• The animal poison control center
• Pet first aid kit
• Animal control details
• Non-emergency police contact number

If something does happen, always ring ahead. A vet needs to know that an emergency is on its way. They may have a separate facility that deals with urgent cases or needs a specialist vet to deal with your dog. Not only that, but a vet may be able to provide invaluable advice before you move your dog.

Try to give your vet as much information as possible about your emergency, and follow any instructions they provide; this will save time later and give your dog the best chance of getting treated quickly.

Creating a dog First-aid kit

A dog first-aid kit should contain all the things you’ll need to provide basic care. You can buy ready-made first-aid sets for your dog, but you may prefer to make your own. A complete first-aid kit should include;

• Non-stick bandages to protect wounds and control bleeding
• Non-stick self-adhering tape to cover bandages
• Adhesive tape to secure bandages
• Saline solution to clean wounds
• Wound dressing
• Antiseptic wipes (not alcohol or hydrogen peroxide-based)
• Antibacterial wound cleanser
• Anti-histamine
• Eyedropper (sterile saline)
• Milk of magnesia or Activated charcoal to absorb poison (on vets advice)
• Hydrogen peroxide to induce vomiting (on vets advice)
• Blunt-ended scissors
• Cotton wool
• Tweezers
• Tick Remover
• Sterile gloves (latex)
• Thermometer and lubricant
• Blanket
• Muzzle to prevent bites (not to be used if your dog is sick)
• Elizabethan collar
• Spare leash
• Pet carrier

It’s a good idea to have two first-aid kits, one for home and one for when you’re traveling. What’s more, it’s worth including some details about you and your dog in case you get separated.

Emergency Information for my Dog

Owner’s name:

Phone:

Pet’s name:

Breed:

Age:

Sex: M F

Neutered/Spayed? Yes No

Veterinarian Clinic

Vets Name:

Address:

Phone:

The more relevant information you include in your kit, the better the chances of your dog being found and returned to you.

Recognizing an emergency

Some emergencies are easy to identify. A dog involved in a car traffic accident, for example, is almost always an emergency.

However, there are urgent situations that are not so obvious, like bites or stings. So how do you know whether your dog is an emergency or not?

The first rule is that if you have any doubts about the safety or health of your dog, call your vet. It’s far better to be safe than sorry, and your vet can give you invaluable advice.

Emergencies include;

• Shock
• Bleeding
• Open wounds
• Fights and Bites
• Seizures
• Collapse
• Choking
• Bloat
• Heatstroke
• Breathing difficulties
• Fractures
• Poisoning, vomiting, and diarrhoea
• Stick injuries
• Eye injuries
• Allergic reactions
• Road traffic accidents

Two of the most common emergencies are road traffic accidents and accidental poisoning. A good way to home check your dog’s general wellbeing is to look out for the following three things; Temperature, pulse, and breathing.

Temperature

A dog’s average temperature is about 38 degrees centigrade. Any higher or lower and your dog could be ill. A rectal thermometer is the most accurate way to take your dog’s temperature. Mercury or digital thermometer is ideal and one that is specifically intended for dogs.

Use baby oil or petroleum jelly as a lubricant to cover the thermometer and gently insert it into your dog’s anus. It only needs to go in about an inch and takes less than a minute to get a result.

Pulse

A dog’s pulse varies depending on size, with larger dogs having a slower rhythm. What’s more, a dog’s pulse isn’t always steady. Often the pulse is slower on the out-breath and faster when breathing in; this is called sinus arrhythmia and perfectly healthy.

However, as a rule of thumb, a dog’s regular pulse ranges from seventy to one hundred and eighty beats per minute.

There are two ways to take your dog’s pulse. The first is to place your hands on the left side of your dog’s chest, near the elbow joint. The second is to put two fingers on the femoral artery, easily located on your dog’s inner thigh. To get your dog’s pulse rate, count the number of beats in a fifteen-second cycle and multiply by four.

Breathing

The average dog takes around twenty-four breaths per minute while resting. This rate varies from as few as ten breaths and as many as thirty-five breaths per minute, but any more or less than this could indicate a problem.

You can measure your dog’s respiration rate by counting the number of chest movements in a fifteen-minute period and multiplying by four. It’s a good idea to keep a record of your dog’s natural breathing rate, so it’s easier to note any changes.

When a dog’s respiratory rate is consistently high, it is an indicator of a possible health problem. Likewise, shallow breathing is a signal that something is wrong.

What to do in an Emergency

If your dog is injured or hurt, it’s essential that you remain calm. Your ability to assess the situation and react quickly relies on you thinking clearly and taking the appropriate measures.

Call your vet. Provide them as much information as possible about the nature of the emergency and take any advice given. Don’t give your dog anything to eat or drink unless your vet has expressly told you to do so.

It’s tempting to try to comfort your dog if they’re injured, but be cautious. Even the gentlest of dogs can lash out when in pain or scared. Avoid putting your face near your dog’s mouth and ask other people to give your dog some space.

Examine your dog carefully and gently, avoid sudden movements and stop if you notice your dog becoming agitated or distressed.  

If your dog can’t walk, lift your dog into the car by rolling them onto a blanket or rigid board. It’s possible to carry small dogs by supporting the chest and hindquarters. Once secure, make your way to the veterinary clinic as soon as possible.

Shock

Shock is an urgent medical condition that happens when a dog’s internal systems are not getting enough blood flow or oxygen to function normally.

This loss of circulation leads to critically low blood pressure leading to vital organs like the brain, liver, and kidneys not getting the blood supply they need.

While the body tries to compensate for the decrease in circulation by speeding up the heart, prolonged shock is fatal. The body can’t continue to maintain itself without adequate blood flow.

What causes shock?

The most common cause of shock is trauma like a road traffic accident or dogfight. However, dehydration, heat stroke, burns, poisoning, bloat, infections, and allergic reactions can all trigger shock.

Whatever the cause, urgent veterinarian intervention is essential to give your dog the best chance of survival.

Symptoms of shock

Symptoms of shock develop over three stages. The earlier you can spot the signs that your dog is in distress, the more likely it is that your dog will make a full recovery.

Early Stage

During the early stages of shock, your dog may display the following symptoms;

• Anxious behavior or pacing
• Shallow breathing
• Rapid pulse
• Bright red gums

While the early stages of shock are often overlooked, especially in the middle of a trauma, the later stages are more noticeable and develop quickly.

Middle Stage

As shock progresses, the symptoms become more apparent and include;

• Even faster heart rate
• Breathing is shallow and rapid
• Your dog may appear weak or lethargic
• Pale or blue-tinged gums, lips, and eyelids
• The skin may feel cool when touched
• Fixed stare
• Pulse is faint and hard to find
• Your dog’s temperature will be abnormally low

Late Stage

Before your dog loses consciousness from lack of blood supply, you may notice the following;

• White or grey gums
• Difficulty in detecting a pulse
• Eyes will take on a glazed look
• Yawning or gasping for air
• The temperature will fall even lower
• Heart rate may become irregular
• Coma

What to do if your dog is in Shock

If you suspect your dog is suffering from shock, contact your vet immediately. In the meantime, you can help your dog in the following ways;

• If possible, get your dog to lie down on its right side
• Place a folded blanket under their lower back, elevating them slightly as this encourages blood flow to the heart
• Wrap your dog in a blanket or towel to keep them warm but don’t apply any artificial heat
• Gently massage your dog’s legs to encourage blood flow
• Keep your dog as calm as possible

Never give your dog anything to eat or drink without checking with your vet first.

Bleeding

If your dog is bleeding, it’s essential you assess the severity of the wound. Often what you see on the outside, the laceration itself, is only part of the story. If you don’t know how your dog was injured, there’s no way of knowing if your dog has any internal damage.

Road traffic accidents and fights with other dogs often cause more tissue damage than the outer wound shows, so always contact your vet. Bleeding can range from slight to severe as follows;

Capillary

Capillary bleeding is superficial. The blood will ooze from the injury rather than a flow, and common capillary injuries include clipping a toenail too short and a cut paw pad.

Venous

This type of bleeding comes from a damaged vein and is a slow flow of dark-red blood.

Arterial

Arterial bleeding is the most severe type of bleeding and involves damage to an artery. Blood is bright red and will spurt forcibly from the wound.

Usually, the faster the blood flow, the more dangerous the injury. However, there are parts of a dog that bleed a lot, even with relatively minor injuries, like the ears.

What to do if your dog is Bleeding

Controlling the bleeding is the most important thing you can do for your dog before you get them to a vet. Try to keep your dog as calm as possible and restrict their movement. Remember that a frightened dog or a dog in pain is often unpredictable. Unless the injury is on your dog’s face, don’t hesitate to use a muzzle.

Ears

Injuries to a dog’s ear bleed a lot. The ear flaps are full of blood vessels near the surface of the skin. So even a minor wound may bleed excessively.

Examine the wound and clean the area with sterile saline solution or water. If you have gauze, fold it over the ear so that the injury is sandwiched in between the gauze and apply firm but gentle pressure. A clean facecloth or towel is a good alternative if you don’t have medical supplies handy.

Ideally, elevate the ear until the bleeding stops. It may take up to five minutes before you can safely release the ear without aggravating the wound.

Fold the injured ear over the top of your dog’s head and hold it in place by wrapping a bandage around your dog’s head and neck.

The bandage should be tight enough to hold both the ear and gauze in place until you get to the vet. However, there should be room for you to put two fingers between your dog’s neck and the bandage comfortably.

Paws

Damage to a dog’s foot includes punctures, cut,s and grazes. While common, paw injuries can take time to heal.

The first step is to check for any foreign objects stuck in the foot. If there is something small in the paw like a piece of glass, take it out if it’s easy to remove.

Wash your dog’s paw with clean water or a saline solution, and then apply pressure to the wound using a clean cloth or piece of gauze.

Keep adding layers of gauze or cloth if the blood soaks through, but don’t remove the original dressing as this can disturb any clotting.

Continue to apply pressure until the bleeding has stopped, usually within five to ten minutes. Bandage your dog’s foot or cover it with other soft material and tie it firmly so that the gauze remains secure until you get to your vets.

If the object that injured your dog’s paw is deep, leave it alone. Apply pressure around the object but avoid pushing the item deeper.

Pulling a deeply buried object from the foot can cause more damage and increase bleeding.  Instead, take your dog to your vet, who may need to sedate your dog to remove it.

Legs

Like paws, a dog’s legs are a common site of injury. Just as with damage on a dog’s foot, it’s essential to examine the wound and remove any foreign material if it’s visible.

If the site of injury appears to be near a vein or artery and you are unsure how deeply embedded the object is into your dog’s leg, do not remove it.

Instead, flush the wound with a saline solution or water to remove as much debris as possible. If possible, raise your dog’s leg above the level of the heart and apply pressure to the wound using gauze or a clean towel.

If blood soaks through the material, do not remove it. Clotting is essential to minimise bleeding, and taking away an existing cover may disturb any clots and open the would again. Instead, add another towel on top and continue to apply pressure.

Once the bleeding is under control, bandage the leg to keep the towel in place and get your dog to your vet.

Torso

Injuries to the chest and stomach can be difficult to assess and manage. However, the primary aim is still to minimise or stop the bleeding if possible.

If a large object penetrating the skin has caused your dog’s injury and it is still present, for example, a stick, do not remove it.  

While surface debris and small particles can be taken away by tweezers or fingers, anything substantial or heavily embedded should be left for your vet to remove.

Some injuries to the chest and torso can be fatal. A foreign object can damage internal organs by penetrating the skin, and trying to remove it can make the situation worse.

Instead, hold a towel over or around the wound area and apply pressure. You may need to bandage around your dog’s torso to keep the cloth in place. The bandage should be firm but not so tight that it impedes your dog’s breathing.

If you don’t know what’s caused your dog’s injury, it’s crucial that you visit your vet. While bleeding is a visible sign of tissue damage, there could be internal damage that goes unnoticed.

Bite Wounds

Always take puncture wounds sustained in a dogfight seriously. Not only are they prone to infection, but they are often worse than they look.

A dog’s canine teeth can cause deep wounds, although they don’t usually bleed that much. But as the teeth are narrow, the wound closes quickly in on itself, trapping bacteria inside.

Not only that, but as bites are a combination of penetrating and crushing damage, the underlying muscle, tendons and organs can be injured. As such, injuries to the head or body need immediate veterinary care.

How to break up a dog fight

Let’s be clear; there isn’t a safe way to break up a dogfight. All methods involve separating the dogs, and you need to either get near the dogs or handle them in some way to do so.

Fortunately, most dog fights are not serious. Although dogfights look frightening, most are fierce squabbles. While dogs can get hurt during these interactions, they are usually over quickly, and injuries are relatively minor.

However, if the fight continues, the least dangerous way to separate the dogs is for two people to take hold of the back legs of both dogs and ‘wheelbarrow’ them back away from each other.

What to do if your dog has a Bite Wound

Infection is by far the most common issue with bite wounds. So, cleaning the area as quickly as possible is critical.

• Control any bleeding, use a gauze pad or towel to cover the wound and apply pressure
• Clean the wound thoroughly with a saline solution
• Cover the wound with a bandage to keep out dirt and bacteria
• Use an Elizabethan collar to prevent your dog from licking the wound
• Apply a covered ice pack to reduce swelling

If the injury becomes infected, your dog will need antibiotic treatment. Look out for any of the following signs;

• Redness
• Swelling
• Discharge
• Hot skin

Intense dogfights can also lead to shock. It’s essential that you can recognise the symptoms and get your dog seen by a professional as soon as possible.

Burns and Scalds

The first rule of treating burns or scalds is to NOT put creams, ointments, ice packs, or butter on them. It doesn’t help and can introduce bacteria into the already compromised skin.

There are three main types of burns; electrical, chemical and heat and treatment depends on the type and severity of the trauma that your dog has sustained.

Burns are much more likely to happen at home. Keep all household cleaners locked securely away and, if possible restrict your dog’s access to the kitchen while you’re cooking.

Puppies are prone to chewing electrical wires, so keep them out of sight or use cable guards and provide your puppy with suitable chew toys.

Always call your vet if your dog has sustained a burn. Burns are not only painful and prone to infection, but they can also cause shock, which is deadly.

Burns fall into three categories; First-degree, second-degree, and third-degree depending on how severe and deep they penetrate the skin.

First-degree burns

First-degree burns are superficial. Although first-degree burns can be extremely painful, it only affects the outer layer of the skin (epidermis) and is not life-threatening.

The site of the burn is red and dry without any blistering. These types of injuries rarely cause long-term tissue damage.

Second-degree burns

Second-degree burns affect both the outer layer of skin as well as the thick layer of living tissue below (the dermis).

The site of this type of burn is typically red, blistered, swollen, and extremely painful.

Third-degree burns

Third-degree burns are severe and affect both the epidermis, dermis and often damage the subcutaneous tissue layer underneath.

The site of the burn looks charred or white, and there is usually no sensation in the burn site. As the protective layer of skin has been destroyed bacterial infections are high risk.

What to do if your dog has a Burn

Immediate care can be provided at home to minimize skin damage in the following way;

Burns caused by liquids or hot objects.

Cool the burn as quickly as possible. Ideally, run cold water over the area for five minutes and apply a cold (but not freezing) water compress using a clean cloth.

Keep the area cold and wet and change the compress frequently as this can help prevent further tissue damage.

Electrical burns

Even a weak electric current can cause severe damage to skin and tissue. What’s more, a minor electric shock can cause internal damage to the lungs and heart.

Symptoms often take hours to appear, and while the damage to the skin usually looks superficial, it can lead to severe infections.

Ulcers form after a couple of days as the damaged tissue dies, and these ulcers are prone to bacterial infection.

If your dog has received an electrical burn, make sure you switch off the electricity supply and unplug nearby equipment before touching your dog.

Treat the burn in the same way as a burn caused by a liquid or hot object and apply cooling water to the area for at least twenty minutes.

Chemical burns

Chemical burns are common and happen when a dog either ingests or comes into contact with a corrosive substance.

These substances could be everyday products typically found in a home, like household cleaners and detergents.

As with other types of burns, minimizing the damage is vital. All household products have instructions on what to do in case of accidental contact or ingestion. If you know what has caused the burn on your dog, read the label carefully and follow the advice provided.

If you are unsure what has caused the burn, run the affected area under cold water for at least twenty minutes.

In the case of an ingested substance flush your dog’s mouth with fresh water but don’t pour water down their throat.

Broken Bones

Broken bones are not only painful, but they can cause damage to underlying tissue. Stabilizing the break offers your dog the best chance of preventing further injury before you get your dog to the vet.

Types of Fracture

Fractures can be as open, closed, or hairline.

Open fractures are typically the most obvious as the bone breaks through the skin. Whereas closed fractures involve a broken bone, but the skin remains intact.

Partial breaks, known as hairline fractures, are common and involve a sliver of bone or a crack in the bone rather than a complete break.

How to Tell if Your Dog has a Broken Bone

While some broken bones are apparent – the bone sticking out through the dog’s skin, others are not. Take any sign of discomfort or pain following an accident or injury seriously.

Because sprains and strains show similar symptoms, it’s always advisable to get your dog seen by a vet who can assess them further.

Signs of a broken bone include;

• Visible bone protruding from the skin
• A limb that looks odd or in the wrong position
• Swelling or bruising
• Unable or unwilling to put weight on the leg
• Breathing difficulties
• Pain
• Refusal to walk
• Whimpering
• Loss of appetite
• Unusual aggression
• Lethargy or depression
• Paralysis

What to do if your dog has a broken bone

While it’s important to stabilize the fractured bone as much as possible, DO NOT attempt to apply a splint. A poorly implemented splint can cause more damage and pain.

Assess the situation to determine what type of fracture your dog has sustained. The immediate aim is to reduce pain and prevent further damage to the affected area.

• Muzzle your dog if possible – pain makes dogs unpredictable, and your safety is paramount
• For open fractures, bleeding should be minimized by placing a gauze pad or clean tea towel around the area and applying pressure (Never apply pressure to the broken bone).
• Do not apply creams, ointments, or antiseptics to an open fracture.
• Prevent your dog from moving as much as possible. Small dogs can be confined to a box or crate, while tethering larger dogs may be necessary.
• Use rolled towels to gently support the break and keep it as still as possible
• Keep your dog warm to prevent shock
• Do not give your dog anything to eat or drink
• If you need to transport your dog, place a board or towel under them and lift them gently onto it

Early treatment of broken bones gives your dog the best chance of further complications and recovery. So always get your dog to a vet as soon as possible.

Poison

Unfortunately, accidental poisoning is a common occurrence in dogs. From ingesting poisonous foodstuffs to chewing toxic plants, dogs are opportunistic and will grab anything, even mildly edible.

What to do if your dog is Poisoned

While it’s tempting to think that making your dog sick will help the situation, this isn’t always the case.

In fact, it can make your dog’s condition much worse and cause further damage. So never force your dog to vomit without checking with your vet first.

Also, don’t give your dog anything to eat or drink until you know what has caused the issue. While some toxins need to be absorbed from your dog’s system, others need to be flushed out. Using the wrong treatment will put your dog in further danger.

Although your first-aid contains

• Activated charcoal or milk of magnesia to absorb poison
• Hydrogen peroxide to induce vomiting

Only give your dog these on the advice of your vet. Your vet will be able to provide you with an accurate dosage based on your dog’s weight, so it’s useful to have that information handy.

It’s essential to identify what your dog has eaten. Not only that, but the amount consumed, how long ago since ingestion and list of symptoms all help a vet determine the appropriate treatment.

If you can take the product container/packaging with you to your vet, it will help determine treatment.

If you’re unsure what it is, but your dog has been sick or has diarrhea, collect a sample. It can help determine what type of poison is affecting your dog and speed up treatment.

The list of toxic foods and plants is a long one. But below are some of the most common;

Toxic Foods

• Chocolate
• Grapes, including raisins, currants and sultanas
• Onions, garlic, and chive (garlic in large amounts)
• Caffeine
• Nuts, including macadamia and black walnuts
• Alcohol
• Xylitol (sweetener)

Toxic Plants

• Azalea (Rhododendron)
• Conkers and Acorns
• Cherry laurel
• Daffodils
• Lilies
• Yew
• Lilly of the valley
• Laburnum

Household Toxins

• Painkillers
• Batteries
• Cleaning products
• Anti-freeze

Contaminated Coat

Unfortunately, it’s not only foods, plants, and household items that can poison our dogs. Coat contamination is another serious issue that can prove life-threatening for dogs.

Not only is your dog likely to try to lick an unknown substance off their fur. But chemicals can be absorbed by the skin and find their way into the bloodstream.

What to do if your dog has a Contaminated Coat

If there is something stuck on your dog’s coat that you suspect may be dangerous your priority is to stop your dog from ingesting it.

• Use an Elizabethan collar to prevent your dog from licking its fur
• Wash the area with mild soapy water – NEVER use solvent, concentrated detergents or paint stripper on your dog
• Check your dog’s skin for signs of a chemical burn and treat as per What to do if your dog has a burn
• Do not induce vomiting even if you think your dog has ingested the substance. Always contact your vet first

If you know what your dog has come into contact with, make a note of it and tell your vet. For heavy contamination that can’t be washed out, your dog’s coat may need to be clipped.

Choking

Unfortunately, choking is an all too common emergency. It can be difficult to recognize as coughing, retching, and reverse sneezing all cause a dog to look like they have something stuck in their throat.

However, a dog that does have something stuck in its gullet will show symptoms that are distinct from other issues, they include;

• Panic
• Drooling
• Pawing at the mouth
• Rubbing the mouth on furniture or floor
• Retching
• Coughing
• Difficulty breathing
• Blue colored skin
• Collapse

What to do if your dog is choking

If your dog has a blocked airway, every second counts, you need to try to remove the object that’s causing the obstruction as quickly as possible.

If you can’t remove the object quickly, get your dog to your vet immediately. A choking dog will panic, so you may have to restrain them in some way to look in their mouth.

• Remove anything that may restrict your dog’s breathing further, like a collar.
• Hold your dog’s muzzle from above and place your thumb just behind the canine teeth on one side of the upper jaw. Place your index finger in the same position on the other side.
• Press your dog’s lips over their teeth if possible, so that the lip is between the teeth and your fingers. It makes it less likely that your dog will close their mouth.
• With the other hand, gently but firmly grasp the lower jaw and pull it apart.
• If the object is visible, reach in and pull it out.

Don’t be tempted to use anything other than your fingers if the object stuck in your dog’s throat is not visible or is challenging to remove.

Spoons, pliers, and tweezers can do a tremendous amount of damage if your dog moves its head. Not only that but sweeping a finger over the back of your dog’s throat is not a good idea either.

Dogs have small bones at the base of their tongues which can easily be mistaken for chicken bones or foreign objects. If you can’t see and identify what is obstructing your dog’s airway, do not try to remove it.

If you haven’t managed to remove the object from your dog’s throat, there are two other options available.

1. Gravity

A small dog can be lifted and suspended upside down. Hold your dog by the thighs and turn them upside down. If the item remains stuck, try gently shaking your dog.

For larger dogs, hold your dog’s thighs and lift the hind legs off the floor as high as possible so that your dog’s head is facing down towards the ground.

1. Heimlich Manoeuvre

If gravity doesn’t work, the next thing to try is abdominal thrusts, also known as the Heimlich maneuver.

The Heimlich maneuver works by expelling air from the lungs forcing any obstructions from the airway.

Hold your dog around the waist with their head facing away from you. Make a fist, thumb on top, and place it underneath your dog’s diaphragm, just behind the ribcage.

Place the palm of your other hand on top of your fist and pull sharply up towards your dog’s chest three to five times.

Foreign objects can cause a lot of internal damage to the mouth and throat. So even if you are successful at removing it, get your dog to the vet for further examination.

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Heatstroke

Heatstroke in dogs is potentially fatal. So, it’s vital that your dog receives treatment as fast as possible.

Dog’s don’t sweat in the same way that we do. While they do have sweat glands on their feet and around their nose, they are not very efficient.

The most effective way our dogs have of cooling themselves is panting. Panting enables cool air to move around the body and prevents a dog from overheating.

However, if a dog doesn’t have access to fresh air, either because of ambient temperature or lack of ventilation they are unable to reduce their body temperature and are vulnerable to heatstroke.

Heatstroke is entirely preventable. To avoid your dog overheating in warm weather;

• Ensure your dog has access to shade
• Keep water bowls topped up
• Don’t walk your dog in the hottest part of the day
• Restrict off-leash exercise
• Never leave your dog in a car, even with the windows open

Elderly dogs need special care, as do overweight dogs and brachycephalic (short nose) dogs, as they are all more vulnerable in warm weather as are dogs with thick, heavy coats.

What to do if your dog has Heatstroke

Typically dogs show the following signs when experiencing heatstroke;

• Heavy panting
• Excessive drooling
• Vomiting
• Lethargy or drowsiness
• Uncoordinated
• Collapse

If your dog is displaying any of the above symptoms, act fast. Heatstroke is an emergency, and the sooner you cool down your dog, the more likely they are to recover.

1. Move your dog into a shady or cool area.
2. Soak your dog in cool Never use cold or freezing water as it can cause your dog to go into shock.
3. Wet towels and get your dog to lay on them if possible
4. Use a fan if you have one or place your dog near a breeze
5. Allow your dog small amounts of fresh water to drink
6. Keep your dog cool until their breathing begins to settle down.

Gradually cooling down your dog is essential to prevent further complications. Always stop once your dog’s breathing has settled, as it’s vital to avoid your dog from getting cold to the point that they shiver.

Always take your dog to your vet if you suspect heatstroke. Elevated body temperatures can cause neurological, circulatory and urinary body systems to fail.

Seizures

Seizures are always a reason for concern. They can have many causes but are a result of abnormal brain activity.

Fortunately, seizures are rarely fatal but always make your vet aware. Most seizures are over within two to three minutes. However prolonged or continuous seizures are much more serious.

During a convulsion, your dog’s brain receives a reduced oxygen supply which is why extended seizures are so dangerous.

Symptoms of a seizure

It can be difficult to know if your dog is having a seizure. Unless they are experiencing a full convulsion, seizures can be as subtle as a vacant look or unresponsive reaction.

There is often a warning period, called a focal onset or aura, before a convulsion occurs. A dog might seem out of sorts, fearful, or clingy.

Look out for the following signs;

• A vacant or confused look
• Unexplained agitation or fear
• Unusual behavior like pacing or not wanting to leave your side
• Muscle twitching or trembling
• Difficulty in controlling bowel movements

Most often, seizures occur when a dog is asleep or resting. When a full convulsion happens, a dog will collapse onto its side, twitch, drool, chomp its jaws, paddle with all four legs, and vocalize. It’s also not uncommon for a dog to urinate and defecate during a seizure.

What to do if your dog is having a seizure

Do not comfort or cuddle your dog while they are convulsing. Physical stimulation can prolong the seizure, and you are in danger of being bitten.

The most important thing you can do is to prevent your dog from injuring themselves so;

• Remove any other pets
• Do not attempt to place anything in your dog’s mouth
• Keep lights turned down low and noise minimized
• If possible, move any furniture away from your dog
• Make a note of the time, date, and duration of the seizure, as this will help your vet
• Don’t panic if you see blood around your dog’s mouth – a bitten tongue is common
• Do not try to move your dog until after the seizure has stopped

Recovery time

Following a seizure, your dog may still display some unusual behavior. Disorientation, confusion, pacing, and increased thirst and appetite are all normal. Full recovery can take up to twenty-four hours but more typically around half an hour.

Keep your dog warm and quiet during recovery, and contact your vet as soon as you can.

Eye Injuries

Injuries to a dog’s eye always need immediate veterinarian care. Any delay puts your dog’s eyesight at risk.

Eye injuries typically fall into one of these categories;

• Puncture
• Cuts to the lid or eye
• Allergies
• Ulcers caused by irritants
• Proptosis (eye popped out of the socket)

Some eye injuries can be tricky to see. So, if your dog is displaying any of the following symptoms, seek professional help;

• Pawing at the eyes or rubbing face on furniture or floor
• Squinting or twitching of the eye
• Inability to open the eye
• Redness in the whites of the eyes
• Unusual discharge
• Cloudiness in the eye
• Swelling of the eyelids
• Light sensitivity
• Sunken-in appearance
• Watering eyes
• Rapid blinking
• Bulging eyes
• Bleeding

What to do if your dog has an Eye Injury

Providing effective first-aid at home depends on the nature of the injury. Always keep your safety in mind before attempting to treat your dog.

Even if your dog is calm, they could be in a lot of pain and are more likely to snap if you approach them or touch the eye area.

To prevent your dog from causing further damage, use an Elizabethan collar (cone of shame).

Foreign objects

If your dog has something in its eye, only try to remove it if it’s small and loose in the eyeball. Never try to remove something that is protruding from the eye.

• Muzzle your dog if necessary
• Flush the affected eye with a sterile saline solution until you dislodge the debris

Cut Eyelid                             

Treat the eyelid gently, but if the cut is bleeding the primary aim is to control the blood flow.

• Muzzle your dog if necessary
• Using sterile gauze, apply gentle pressure to the eyelid
• Do not attempt to put any cream or ointment on the cut, as it can get into your dog’s eye and cause further damage
• If the wound is severe, place gauze on the eyelid and tape to keep it in place

Eyeball laceration or Protruding Object

NEVER try to remove an object that has penetrated your dog’s eye. Instead, do the following until you can get your dog seen by a vet.

• Muzzle your dog if necessary
• If possible place a paper cup or small box over the eye and tape it in place
• Do not put creams, ointment, or attempt to flush your dog’s eye
• Do not touch the foreign object or try to remove it.

Protruding eye

If your dog’s eye is protruding from its socket, apply a wet dressing to prevent rubbing and get your dog to the vet as soon as possible.

Eye injuries can have serious consequences so don’t delay in getting professional help. In extreme cases, your dog could lose their sight or even the eye itself.

Drowning

Although many dogs swim well, they can get into trouble if they can’t get out of the water or are fatigued.

Before you rush into the water to help your dog, make sure that you look after your safety first.

Drowning or near-drowning (non-fatal water inhalation) is an emergency. If your dog has spent any time submerged in water, your dog should always see a vet.

Complications can arise days after the event and include;

• Water in the lungs (pulmonary edema)
• Pneumonia
• Shock
• Brain damage (cerebral hypoxia)
• Disturbed oxygen supply to vital organs leading to organ failure

Even a small amount of water, as little as one to three millilitres per kilogram of body weight, can create significant problems for the lungs.

What to do if your dog is Drowning

The first thing to do is to get your dog out of the water. Water absorbs quickly into the lungs, so the quicker your dog is on dry land, the better.

• Place your dog on its side with head lower than its lungs. In the case of a small dog, it can be held upside down for a few seconds to release any water not already absorbed.
• Open your dog’s mouth and clear any obstructions
• Check for pulse
• If a pulse is present, but your dog is not breathing, continue with artificial respiration.
• If your dog doesn’t have a pulse continue with CPR

Keep your dog warm and contact your vet immediately. Your dog may need oxygen supplements, diuretics, and assisted ventilation.

Bloat

Although rare, bloat or Gastric Dilation-Volvulus (GDV) is a life-threatening condition. Bloat happens when a dog’s stomach fills with gas and then rotates along its axis.

As the stomach twists, it traps the gas and shuts off the blood supply from the stomach and the spleen. Bloat can kill within hours without treatment and is extremely painful.

Not only that, but a dog can quickly go into shock as the stomach expands and prevents the necessary blood supply to vital organs.

Symptoms of Bloat

Bloat typically occurs after a dog has eaten. There is still debate as to why some dogs suffer from GDV and others don’t but eating fast seems to be a contributing factor.

If your dog displays any of the following symptoms, get help immediately;

• Swollen or hard belly
• Drooling
• Restlessness
• Dry retching
• Lethargy
• Heavy panting
• Pale gums

What to do if your Dog has Bloat

Contact your vet quickly; there is very little you can do at home regarding first-aid. The only treatment for bloat is surgery to untwist the stomach. Do not give your dog food, water, or medication.

How to Prevent Bloat

Although debate goes on as to the cause of bloat, there are prevailing theories as to why some dogs suffer and others don’t.

Large breed dogs and dogs with deep chests are more susceptible than small breed dogs.

• German shepherds
• Great Danes
• Akita
• Boxers
• Weimaraner

Also, dogs that;

• Eat quickly
• Have one large meal a day
• Exercise within an hour of a meal, both pre and post food
• Bloat runs in the family line
• Eating or drinking too much
• Stress

Slow feed dog bowls are an excellent way of slowing a dog that gulps its food. Keep rigorous exercise and play to a minimum before and after mealtimes. And feed two or three smaller meals a day rather than one large one.

Allergies and Allergic Reactions

Dogs can experience both allergy symptoms and allergic reactions. Exposure to an allergen triggers your dog’s body to produce an immune response and over time can sensitise the immune system causing allergy symptoms.

Common allergens include;

• Grass
• Pollen
• Dust
• Mould
• Food
• Prescription drugs
• Cleaning products and perfumes

How to tell if your dog has Allergy Symptoms

While mild allergies are not life-threatening, they can make your dog miserable. Your vet can help determine the allergen and prescribe appropriate treatment to keep it under control.

Even though there isn’t a cure for allergies, minimising the symptoms can improve the quality of your dog’s life.

Symptoms typically include;

• Itching
• Excessive paw licking
• Runny eyes
• Sneezing
• Swelling of the face and paws

How to tell if your dog has an Allergic reaction

Anaphylaxis or a sudden allergic reaction is a life-threatening condition that needs emergency treatment.

Dogs can experience an extreme reaction to insect bites and stings, foods, and drugs. An allergic reaction usually occurs within an hour of exposure to an allergen, and symptoms include;

• Swollen eyes or muzzle
• Difficulty breathing
• Unusual behavior, pacing, excessive itching
• Vomiting and diarrhea
• Hives

What to do if your dog has an Allergic Reaction

Call your vet immediately if you suspect our dog is experiencing an allergic reaction. Do not give your dog any medication unless expressly instructed to do so by your vet.

While it’s useful to keep anti-histamines in our first-aid kit, only give them to your dog under medical advice.

Anaphylaxis is an emergency. The sooner you get your dog veterinarian treatment, the better the chance they have for survival.

Road Traffic Accident

Unfortunately, road traffic accidents involving dogs are common. Although it’s essential that you assess your dog’s injuries as quickly as possible, do not put yourself or other road users in danger attending to your dog.

While not ideal, it may be necessary to move your dog to keep them from further injury. Place a blanket or board as close to your dog’s back as possible and slide your dog onto it, supporting as much of its body as possible.

Once you’re in a position where you can examine your dog safely, call your vet immediately and apprise them of the situation.

What to do if your dog is in a Road Traffic Accident

Never give your dog anything to eat or drink if they’ve been in a collision with a car. Likewise, while it’s tempting to offer pain relief medication, don’t until you’ve spoken to a vet.

Dogs involved in road traffic accidents often have multiple injuries. Look for bleeding, broken bones, signs of shock, puncture wounds, and difficulty breathing.

• Control bleeding with clean gauze and firm pressure
• Stabilize broken bones
• Restrict your dog’s movement as much as possible
• Manage shock by keeping your dog warm with a blanket or coat
• Check for a steady pulse
• Place in the recovery position – on their right-hand side if they are breathing but unconscious.
• If your dog is not breathing, open its mouth and remove any obstructions
• Consider artificial respiration if your dog is not breathing or their heart has stopped.

Even if your dog does not have any apparent injuries, always seek veterinary care if they have been in a collision.

Internal damage is entirely possible. And even if your dog has managed to escape with only bruising, Your dog is likely to need pain management and monitoring for a few days after the event.

CPR for dogs

What do you do if the worse happens and your dog stops breathing? CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) is the only option in some situations.

For example, when an otherwise healthy dog’s heart has stopped beating as the result of choking, drowning, or electrocution.

However, CPR does come with some warnings. It is a physically demanding process that can cause your dog further injuries such as broken ribs and collapsed lungs.

Unfortunately, it also has a low success rate. However, it can and does work in some cases.

How do I know if my Dog needs CPR?

If you suspect your dog has stopped breathing, you need to assess the situation as quickly as possible and remember you’re ABCs;

Airway

• Open your dog’s mouth and pull the tongue forward
• Check if there’s a blockage in your dog’s throat
• If there is an obstruction, remove it

Breathing

• Are they breathing?
• Look and listen, is your dog’s chest rising and falling?
• Can you feel the breath coming from their nostrils?

Circulation

• Check for a heartbeat or pulse by either placing your hands on the left side of your dog’s chest, near the elbow joint. Or by putting two fingers on the femoral artery, easily located on your dog’s inner thigh.

If your dog has a pulse but isn’t breathing, they need artificial respiration. However, if your dog isn’t breathing and doesn’t have a pulse either, your dog needs CPR, which is artificial respiration combined with chest compressions.

What to Do If Your Dog Isn’t Breathing

If your dog isn’t breathing but still has a pulse perform mouth to snout artificial respiration;

• Close your dog’s mouth. Place a hand on your dog’s muzzle and make sure their mouth is completely shut
• Extend your dog’s neck so that their muzzle is in line with their spine
• Put your mouth firmly over your dog’s nostrils, creating a seal and blow.
• Watch your dog’s chest. If it doesn’t inflate, ensure you have made a proper seal and blow harder
• Aim for one breath every two to three seconds or twenty to thirty breaths per minute
• Uncover your dog’s snout between breaths but keep the mouth shut.

What to Do If Your Dog Isn’t Breathing and Doesn’t Have a Pulse

If your dog’s heart has stopped and they aren’t breathing either, the only option is to perform CPR.

The general rule is two breaths of artificial respiration after each set of thirty chest compressions in two-minute cycles.

• Lay your dog on the floor on their right-hand side
• Straighten their head so that their nose is in line with their neck
• Pull your dog’s tongue forward so that it sits just behind its front teeth
• Check for any obstructions in the back of the throat
• Close your dog’s mouth
• Sit or kneel behind your dog’s back
• For small dogs use one hand, and for large dogs, use interlocked hands
• Place your hands on the fullest part of your dog’s rib cage.
• Keep your arms straight and push down firmly on your dog’s rib cage in quick bursts – the Bee Gees song Staying Alive is a good tempo for compression.
• Push hard. A compression should move your dog’s chest by a quarter to a third of its width.
• Let the chest fully expand after each compression
• Repeat thirty times and then perform artificial respiration
• Check for heartbeat and repeat if necessary

If there is still no heartbeat after three minutes, it’s unlikely your dog will recover.

Conclusion

Hopefully, you’ll never have the occasion to use any of these pet first aid tips. But if the worse does happen, you’ll be prepared. While these tips should NEVER replace professional veterinary care, they can help your dog feel more comfortable until you get them the help they need.